Separation of powers
Separation of powers (Montesquieu): executive, legislative, judicial. Checks and balances against the concentration of power.
Montesquieu formulated in The Spirit of the Laws (1748) the principle that would become the cornerstone of modern constitutionalism: power must be divided into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and each must restrain the others. Without that division — without brakes, checks, or independent courts — republican liberty vanishes. Revista Conciencia Democrática analyzes contemporary attacks on that architecture.
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