Welfare state
Welfare state: the model that guarantees universal social rights financed by progressive taxation.
The welfare state is the institutional architecture that guarantees universal social rights — health, education, pensions, unemployment insurance — financed by progressive taxation. Emerged with Bismarck in Germany (1880s), consolidated with the British Beveridge Plan (1942), generalized in post-1945 Western Europe. Gøsta Esping-Andersen distinguished three models: liberal (UK, US), conservative-corporatist (DE, FR), social-democratic (Sweden, Norway).
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