Electoral systems
Electoral systems: the rules that translate votes into seats or public offices.
Electoral systems are the rules that translate individual votes into parliamentary seats or executive offices. Main variants: single-member majoritarian (UK, US), proportional (Spain, Italy, Brazil), mixed (Germany, New Zealand), preferential (Australia, Ireland). Each produces different incentives: majoritarian tends to two-party systems (Duverger's law), proportional to multipartism. Sartori, Lijphart, Duverger are its classical theorists.
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