Political parties
Political parties: organizations competing for power through elections, mediators between society and state.
Political parties are organizations competing for power through elections, mediating between society and state. Maurice Duverger theorized them as modern innovation (19th century onward); Giovanni Sartori classified them by fragmentation and ideology. Their contemporary crisis — declining membership, personalization, populism — concerns democratic theory: parties are institutional brakes against charismatic leaders. Levitsky, Mainwaring, Mair analyzed their recent mutation.
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